Sunday, March 22, 2026

The Pierced Heart of Jesus.

Charles Spurgeon sermons from 1855 to 1891. 

The Pierced Heart of Jesus. 

Sermon number 3559. Delivered by Charles Spurgeon. 

Published on April 12th, 1917 at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, Newington, England.

The Key Bible Verse for this Sermon is: 

³²"Then came the soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, and of the other which was crucified with him. ³³But when they came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already, they brake not his legs: 

³⁴ but one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water. 

³⁵ And he that saw it bare record, and his record is true: and he knoweth that he saith true,that ye might believe. 

³⁶ For these things were done, that the scripture should be fulfilled, A bone of him shall not be broken. 

³⁷ And again another scripture saith, They shall look on him whom they have pierced." ~ John 19:32-37.



WHAT a wonderful conjunction of prophecy and providence! 

I want you to behold it, and admire it. 

Two texts of Scripture, the one in Exodus the other in Zechariah (such a long interval having occurred between the distinct records), predict, the former that not a bone of the Paschal Lamb should be broken, the latter, that He should be pierced. How were these twain to be fulfilled in the minuteness of one incident? 

The rough Roman soldier comes with the iron bar to break the bones of the three prisoners who have been crucified. He has orders to break their legs. The well-disciplined soldier acts almost mechanically, according to orders. Roman discipline was of the very sternest kind. Will not the soldier, therefore, break the legs of Jesus? 

No. 

Moved by some strange impulse, he marks that one of the three, Jesus, who is called Christ, is dead already. Though commanded to break His legs, he forbears, but most likely to clear himself of all doubt on that point, he pierces His side with a spear. The willfulness of the soldier, wavering though wanton, thus fulfilled both the prophecies of which he must have been himself totally ignorant, and this was brought about first by his not doing what he was ordered to do, and secondly, by doing what he had not been ordered to do. 

Oh! how inscrutable the mystery of providence! How marvelously does God rule the sons of men while He leaves them to their own free will! Did not this soldier act altogether as a free agent,whether following the dictates of his reason or the impulse of his temper, when he thus unwittingly, by his singular conduct, verified to the letter the words of prophecy as precisely and entirely as if he had been a mere puppet moved with wires at the instigation of another mind and another hand than his own? This was not an accidental circumstance, or a singular coincidence it was providence a sublime purpose of God brought to pass by simple means. 

Irregularities among men do not disorganize the ordained purposes of heaven, and what we think to be chaos is a well-ordered system far beyond our ken, into which we vainly attempt to peer. 

I need not detain you with any speculations arising out of the piercing of our Savior by the  spear. It has been, I think, very soberly argued that in all probability the physical cause of our  Savior's death was a broken heart.

In a scientific treatise by one who had studied the anatomy of the subject, and investigated cases which appeared after death to bear some resemblance to our Savior's case, it has been shown that when, on the heart being pierced, a small portion of blood and water has flowed, death has been traceable to a heart broken with intense grief. So, if we may assign a physical cause to the death of our Lord, it appears most probable to have been so occasioned. It was anguish that, in the first stage, produced a bloody sweat in Gethsemane, and in the last stage ruptured His heart. 

Not, however, that I am inclined to attach any importance to such arguments or speculations. For my part I do not see that there is any analogy, or that analogy need be sought between the case ofthe Savior and the case of any common man. The anatomist would be baffled with an analysis. The body of any ordinary person would exhibit symptoms of corruption. From this, He that hung upon the cross was exempt. When death comes, and the vital spark quits the human frame,the process of decomposition speedily begins. But our Lord saw no corruption.

Overshadowed as was His virgin mother by the Spirit at her conception, His birth was predicted as "that holy thing which shall be born of thee

Through the entire course of His life on earth, the Spirit rested upon Him in a special manner And even after His soul had left His body, the Spirit preserved and kept that body so that the   prophecy was fulfilled, "Neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption." Hence you search in vain for a parallel. 

The disparity of any instances that might be sought for is so palpable that you really have not any data to start with,  or any premises to reason upon, in the effort to judge of what happened in the anatomy ofthe sacred body of our blessed Lord. Instead of following speculations which rather belong to the physician than the theologian, I desire the Spirit of God to conduct us into some spiritual reflections arising out ofthe piercing of the heart of Jesus Christ by the soldier's spear. 

One observation, I think, lies upon the very surface of the narrative.

I. EVEN AFTER OUR LORD'S DEATH, MEN RUDELY ASSAILED HIM. Was it not enough that they had scourged His back? Did it not suffice that they had put a thorn crown on His head? Was it not sufficient that they had nailed His feet and His hands to the tree? And yet after they were satisfied that the life had been forfeited to the law, and the body was already dead, nothing could content human cruelty till His heart was pierced with the lance. Say, now, was not this man who pierced Christ's heart a fair, though a foul, sample of our sinful race, his heartless act a type of our headstrong profanity? 

We too, after the Savior's death have pierced Him. Shall I show you how? The crime is so common that you come to condone it. His Godhead is His glory. Deny His Deity and you not only detract from His dignity, but you make Him unworthy of our confidence.This is to thrust the spear into His very heart. Your tone is treacherous when you say, "He is but a man. Though an admirable teacher, I can only regard Him as a finite creature." Oh! how many people go up and down among us professing to be members of a Protestant church, and believers in the Scripture, who yet will not acknowledge the miracles of Christ to be authentic, wrought in token of His own personal authority, bearing the witness of His Father, and conveying a clear proof that He was the Son of God! The Lord have mercy upon those who in this respect pierce our dear Redeemer afresh. If any of us have been guilty of this sin, may we be converted from our dangerous error, and led to avow Him, like Thomas,"My Lord and my God." They pierce Him too, who attack the doctrines which He taught, and the testimony which He delivered. The truth was in Christ's heart, it was written there. 

Whatever He preached with His lips He sanctified with His life. His heart was a fountain whence came all those doctrines which reveal the Father to us. Do men attack any truth revealed to us by Christ, they do in effect what the soldier did in fact, they do spiritually as this Roman legionary did literally, they thrust at His heart. If you disparage the words that Jesus spake, or call in question the truth that He showed to His disciples and made manifest in the Word, what is there left of that mission in which He made known the will of God the Father? To proclaim this truth He came, to bear witness to this truth He died.

He witnessed a good confession before Pontius Pilate. If you touch those doctrines, you touch the apple of His eye, nay, you pierce His heart again. How do they also thrust at His heart who persecute His people! And has He not often been wounded thus through all the centuries that have transpired since He ascended up on high to the Father's right hand? Saul of Tarsus pierced His heart, for Jesus said, "Why persecutest thou me?" The sufferings of the men and women, hauled to prison, and beaten in the synagogue, and compelled to blaspheme, were injuries wantonly and wickedly done to Christ Himself. And what shall we say of the martyrs, their groans in the prison house,their cries at the rack, their pangs at the stake, their blood so cruelly shed, have not all these touched the Savior's heart? So, too, every rude jeer and ribald jest, every hard word and bitter taunt aimed at a follower of Christ, is a reproach ofthe dear Lord and Master for whose sake it is meekly borne, but on their part"who whet their tongue like a sword,"it is aimed at the heart of Jesus, on whom they cannot otherwise wreak their vengeance now, for He cannot henceforth suffer, except in sympathy with the sufferings of His saints. 

And there is yet another class of persons who, although Christ's sufferings are over, still continue to pierce Him. They are such as pretend to be His disciples, but they lie and practice a foul hypocrisy. Are there any such present? I tremble as I ask the question. As there were false apostles of yore, so there are foul apostates in these days. Their profession is only the prelude to their perfidy {the state of being deceitful and untrustworthy}. They make solemn pledge to obey Him, but like Judas Iscariot, they only wait a suited opportunity to betray Him. 

They will sell the Savior for silver, only let the price be high enough, their principle is low enough, their conscience will not hesitate to "crucify the Lord afresh, and put him to an open shame." Oh! you inconsistent professors! Oh! you graceless men and women! How dare you come to the table of His fellowship? You have a name to live, and yet you are dead, you are crucifying Him, you are piercing Him, the guilt of the Roman soldier clings to you. 

I fear me, too, there is another class that pierces His heart it includes those who refuse to believe in His willingness to forgive them. When under conviction of sin, it may be difficult to believe that one can be pardoned, but when the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ is revealed to us, and His infinite condescension that brought Him to suffer for us, it does seem hard that any should doubt Him. Yet some there are who link their chains, sit down in despair, and say,"He is not willing to forgive." So unkind, ungenerous a thought as that He is unwilling to forgive must pierce Him to the heart and cut Him to the quick. I know some of you do not mean this. You are startled now that you think what you are doing. 

I pray the Lord you may humbly trust Him. Oh! do not doubt Him, the Son of God, who suffered for His enemies, surrendering His life for even the ungodly. Will you, can you still distrust Him? Will you doubt the testimony which God has given concerning His Son? Were it not far better that you honored Him by casting yourselves at His feet? Angels that sing His praises night and day unceasingly do not honor Him more than you will do, if, all black and defiled as you are, you will come and trust Him that He can wash you and make you whiter than snow.

Oh! do you this, and pierce His heart no more! Some men pierce the heart of Christ through their carelessness. They trifle and even scoff because they have not known Him, or sought by any means to learn what claims He has upon their homage. They disparage those divine features of His ministry which they have never properly understood. So they pierce the heart of Christ out of ignorant prejudice. They are unacquainted with the Gospel themselves.All that they have heard or read about it has been from the tongue or pen of opponent or satirist, and then, 

catching their temper, they have joined in reviling it. Alas! too, there are some who malign the Savior out of mere malice. Though they know better, yet they willfully blaspheme His name. Stop, oh! stop, and pierce Him no more, I pray you, lest He that has meekly endured so long as the Lamb of God should suddenly stir Himself up as the lion of the tribe of Judah, and make you feel the terror of His power, who will not feel the majesty of His love. So much for our first point. Even after Jesu's death, there are those who still pierce Him. Our second thought is such as I am charmed to give you


II. THESE ATTACKS UPON THE SAVIOUR ARE OVERRULED TO DISPLAY HIS GRACE THE BETTER. 

His heart is pierced, it is true, but with what result, my brethren? Does there flash from it fire? Does the peal of thundering wrath roll over the sinner's head? Ah! no, it is like the sandal tree, that perfumes the axe that wounds it. Adown that spear, no sooner is it Withdrawn from the wound than there gushes a fountain of blood and water. The attacks that are made upon Jesus Christ only display His virtues. Observe how this is brought about. 

If truth be attacked, and the Gospel be assailed, what is the immediate consequence? Why, then, the saints search deeper into it, so they come to understand the doctrine better, they learn the arguments by which it is sustained, and they love the truth with fonder, as well as stronger convictions, till they feel moved to sacrifice themselves for it. The heart of Christ was opened by the spear, and often the heart of truth is revealed by the opposition brought to bear against it. They think to confute our doctrines, they do but confirm our faith in their verity.





Saturday, March 7, 2026

Jewish Calendar : Hebrew Months

 Jewish Calendar : Hebrew Months

The Jewish Month


The Lunar Cycle

The Jewish calendar is based on lunar cycles.¹ Towards the beginning of the moon’s cycle, it appears as a thin crescent. That is the signal for a new Jewish month. The moon grows until it is full, the middle of the month, and then it begins to wane until it cannot be seen. It remains invisible for approximately two days² —and then the thin crescent reappears, and the cycle begins again.


The entire cycle takes approximately 29½ days.³ Since a month needs to consist of complete days, a month is sometimes twenty-nine days long (such a month is known as chaser, “missing”), and sometimes thirty (malei, “full”).


Knowing exactly when the month begins has always been important in Jewish practice, because the Torah schedules the Jewish festivals according to the days of the month.


The first day of the month, as well as the thirtieth day of a malei month, is called Rosh Chodesh, the “Head of the Month,” and has semi-festive status. See Why is Rosh Chodesh sometimes one day and sometimes two?


The Jewish Months

Nissan is the first month on the Jewish calendar. Before the Jews left Egypt, on the first day of the month of Nissan, G‑d told Moses and Aaron: “This chodesh (new moon, or month) shall be to you the head of months.”⁴ Thus the peculiarity of the Jewish calendar: the year begins on Rosh Hashanah, the first day of the month of Tishrei (the anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve), but Tishrei is not the first month. Rosh Hashanah is actually referred to in the Torah as “the first day of the seventh month.”⁵


The Jewish Months and their Special Dates


⁰Jewish Month ; Approximate Secular Date ;This Month’s Special Dates


¹ NissanMarch–April ; Passover


² IyarApril–May ; Lag B’Omer


³ Sivan ; May–June ; Shavuot


⁴ TammuzJune–July ; (nil)


⁵ Menachem Av ; July–August ; Tisha B’Av


ElulAugust–September ; (nil)


⁷ TishreiSeptember–October ; The High Holidays (Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur), Sukkot, Shmini Atzeret, and Simchat Torah


MarcheshvanOctober–November ; ( nil )


KislevNovember–December ; Chanukah


¹⁰ TevetDecember–January ; Conclusion of Chanukah


¹¹ ShevatJanuary–February ; Tu B’Shvat


¹² AdarFebruary–March ; Purim



Sanctifying the Month

The L‑rd spoke to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, ‘This chodesh shall be to you the head of months.’” (Exodus 12:1–2)


From the wording of this verse, “shall be to you,” the sages deduced that the responsibility of pinpointing and consecrating the chodesh, the crescent new moon, was entrusted to the leaders of our nation, the Sanhedrin, the rabbinical supreme court of every generation.


Originally, there was no fixed calendar. There was no way to determine in advance the exact day of a coming holiday or bar mitzvah, because there was no way to determine in advance when the month would begin. Each month anew, the Sanhedrin would determine whether the month would be 29 or 30 days long—depending on when the following month’s new moon was first sighted—and would sanctify the new month.


Nowadays

In the 4th century CE, the sage Hillel II foresaw the disbandment of the Sanhedrin, and understood that we would no longer be able to follow a Sanhedrin-based calendar. So Hillel and his rabbinical court established the perpetual calendar which is followed today.


According to this calendar, every month of the year, except for three, has a set number of days:


•Nissan—30

•Iyar—29

•Sivan—30

•Tamuz—29

•Menachem Av—30

•Elul—29

•Tishrei—30

•Mar Cheshvan—29 or 30

•Kislev—29 or 30

•Tevet—29

•Shevat—30

•Adar—29 (in leap years, Adar I has 30 days)

Regarding the variable months of Kislev and Cheshvan, there are three options: 1) Both can be 29 days (the year is chaser), 2) both are 30 (the year is malei), or 3) Cheshvan is 29 and Kislev is 30 (the year is k’sidran, meaning these two months follow the alternating pattern of the rest of the months). Hillel also established the rules that are used to determine whether a year is chaser, malei, or k’sidran.


The rules of the perpetual calendar also ensure that the first day of Rosh Hashanah will never take place on Sunday, Wednesday or Friday.⁶


When Hillel established the perpetual calendar, he sanctified every Rosh Chodesh until Moshiach will come and reestablish the Sanhedrin.


The Sanhedrin Sanctification

The following is a brief description of the procedure the Sanhedrin followed in days of yore to determine the date of the onset of a new month.


On the 30th day of every month,⁷ the Sanhedrin would “open for business” in a large courtyard in Jerusalem called Beit Ya’azek. Witnesses who claimed to have seen the new moon on the previous night would come to give their testimony and be cross-examined.⁸


The members of the Sanhedrin were well schooled in astronomy. They knew exactly when the new moon would have appeared, and where it would have been visible. Nevertheless, the sanctification of the moon depends on the crescent new moon actually being seen by two witnesses. The word “this” (in the above-quoted verse, “This month shall be to you . . .”) implies something that is actually seen.


The rabbis of the Sanhedrin would question the witnesses in the order of their arrival. They knew what the proper responses to their questions ought to be, and were thus quickly able to identify fraudulent claims. Starting with the elder of each pair, they would ask:⁹ “Tell us how you saw the moon:

• In which direction was it in relation to the sun?¹⁰

• Was it to the north or south?

• How high in the sky did the moon appear to be?

• In which direction were the crescent’s tips facing?

• How wide was it?”

After they had finished questioning the first witness, they would bring in his partner and question him in similar fashion. If the two accounts corroborated, the evidence was accepted.¹¹


That day, the thirtieth day, was now declared Rosh Chodesh of the new month. The head of the Sanhedrin would proclaim: “ Mekudash!” (“Sanctified!”) and everyone would respond, “Mekudash! Mekudash!” The previous month was now retroactively determined to have had only twenty-nine days.


Publicizing the New Month

The following night (the second night of the month), huge bonfires were lit on designated mountaintops. Lookouts stationed on other mountaintops would see that a fire had been lit, and would light their own fires. This chain of communication led all the way to Babylonia, so that even very distant communities knew that the day beforehand had been declared Rosh Chodesh.


Eventually, the Samaritans¹² started lighting fires on the wrong days in order to manipulate the calendar. To prevent this confusion, the fire-on-mountaintop method of communication was discontinued, and instead messengers were dispatched to Babylonia and all other far-flung Jewish settlements. This took a lot longer, a delay which had (and still has) halachic implications with regards to observance of the second day of holidays in the Diaspora. (See Why are holidays celebrated an extra day in the Diaspora?)


The 30-Day Month

If no witnesses came on the thirtieth day—either because the moon had not been “reborn” yet, or because it was not visible—then the next day, the thirty-first day, was automatically declared Rosh Chodesh, retroactively rendering the previous month a malei month.¹³


Members of the Sanhedrin would go to a highly visible location, where they would partake in a celebratory meal to signify the new month. No fires were lit that night. The new month is always either on the 30th or 31st day; if they hadn’t lit fires the night before, it was understood that the new month started on the 31st day.


Footnotes

1. 

The lunar cycle which the Jewish calendar follows is called a synodic month—not to be confused with the sidereal month, the amount of time it takes for the moon to complete an orbit around the earth, which is a bit more than 27⅓ days. The synodic month is longer because after completing its orbit, the moon must move a little farther to reach the new position of the earth with respect to the sun.


2. 

For about one day before and one day after it is closest to the sun.


3. 

To be more precise, 29.5306 days.


4. 

Exodus 12:2. “This month is to be for you the first month, the first month of your year.

Exodus 12:2 establishes the month of Abib (later known as Nisan) as the first month of the year for the Israelites, marking a significant new beginning as they prepare to leave Egypt. This change in the calendar symbolizes God's intervention and the start of their identity as a free people.


5. 

Leviticus 23:24.


6. 

This guarantees that Yom Kippur will not fall on a Friday or Sunday, which would result in two consecutive days when preparing food and burying the dead is prohibited; and that Hoshana Rabbah will not occur on Shabbat, which would interfere with the custom of taking the willows on this day.


7. 

If their astronomical calculations indicated that the new moon could not possibly have been seen on the previous night, the Sanhedrin would not convene on the thirtieth day.


8. 

The Talmud tells us that all the witnesses who arrived would be lavishly entertained there, in order to attract potential witnesses to travel to Jerusalem to testify.


9. 

One of the heads of the Sanhedrin, Rabban Gamliel, actually had diagrams of the various phases of the moon on a tablet mounted on the wall of his chamber. He would show these diagrams to unlearned witnesses and ask, “Did it look like this or like this?”


10. 

The new moon is visible only around the time of sunset.


11. 

Even though their testimony was no longer needed, all the other witnesses who came were questioned perfunctorily, so they should not feel that they came for nothing and would then be discouraged from coming if they ever saw the new moon again.


12. 

A sect of Jews who denied rabbinic authority, and were constantly at odds with the Sanhedrin.


13. 

On certain occasions, if the astronomical data required so, the Sanhedrin would establish Rosh Chodesh on the 30th day even in the absence of witnesses who saw the new moon. For example, suppose that the land of Israel was covered with clouds on the 30th night for several consecutive months. If the Sanhedrin would allow all these months to be malei, then several months down the line the new moon could appear on the 25th day of the month! The Sanhedrin always ensured that the new moon should never possibly appear on any night other than the 30th or 31st.


Why Do We Still Celebrate Holidays for Two Days in the Diaspora?

Is the Yom Tov Sheini an anachronism?


Question:

I understand that in ancient times the rabbis decreed that Jews in the Diaspora should celebrate holidays for two days, because of some confusion about the correct day to celebrate. Nowadays, however, we have a fixed calendar, so why do we still celebrate two days in the Diaspora?


Answer:

Good question. Indeed, we could ask why the custom of celebrating two days didn’t stop almost 2,000 years ago, when the Jews started using a fixed calendar as opposed to determining the months based on observations of the new moon.


In Ancient Times

Before getting to the crux of the question, Let's first start with a brief overview of how Jewish holiday dates work:


Whereas Shabbat happens every seven days without any input from us, G‑d commanded the children of Israel to fix the dates of the months and years.¹ This means that the power to determine when the holidays fall was given to Moses and his successors—the rabbinical courts.


Originally, there was no fixed calendar. Each month, the Sanhedrin (supreme court) in Jerusalem would determine whether the previous month had been 29 or 30 days long, depending on when the new moon of the following month was first sighted.


There was no way to determine the exact day of a coming festival (Yom Tov) in advance, because every festival falls on a particular day in a month, and the month would begin only when the new moon of that month was sighted.

Once the Sanhedrin had determined that a new month had begun, the information was broadcast from Jerusalem to distant Jewish outposts via huge bonfires which were lit on designated mountaintops. Lookouts stationed on other mountaintops would see the fires, and would then light their own fires, creating a chain of communication that led all the way to Babylon, and to even more distant communities. If there was a Yom Tov that month, communities across Israel and in the Diaspora would then know when to celebrate it.


But a problem arose. The Samaritans, a sect who denied rabbinic authority and were constantly at odds with the Jews, started lighting fires on the wrong days in order to manipulate the calendar.


To prevent confusion, the fire-on-mountaintop method of communication was discontinued, and instead messengers were dispatched to Babylon and other farflung Jewish settlements.


Since news traveled a lot slower that way, distant communities would not know when Rosh Chodesh (the “Head of the Month”) had been declared in time to celebrate the festival on the proper day.


It was therefore decreed that outside of the Land of Israel people would celebrate every Yom Tov for two days: the day of the month the holiday would be if the previous month had been a 29-day month, and the day of the month it would be if the previous month had been a 30-day month.


The Custom of Your Forefathers

The fixed calendar began being used in the 4th century CE, and so everyone knew in advance when Rosh Chodesh and the festivals would occur. However, the Talmud explains that although the doubt about the calendar is no longer relevant, we are still bound according to rabbinic law to observe a second day, in case a doubtful situation were to arise again. In the words of the Talmud, “The sages sent [word] to the exiles, ‘Be careful to keep the customs of your forefathers, and keep two days of the festival, for someday the government may promulgate a decree, and you will come to err.’”²


However, the question remains. A simple reading of the Talmudic text cited above seems to indicate that the reason to still keep two days is merely as a precaution in case we are not able to learn the Torah and the proper way to calculate the new month. However, nowadays, with the advent of modern technology and computers, we have calendars stretching for hundreds of years into the future, so this would hardly seem to be a concern.


An Enactment of the Prophets

Rabbi Hai Gaon was the undisputed authority on Jewish law in the early 11th century. He writes that the requirement that one should keep a second day of Yom Tov outside of Israel really stems from the days of the prophets, and perhaps even from the days of Yehoshua (Joshua) ben Nun.


Based on this, he explains the somewhat curious wording of the Talmud cited earlier: “Be careful to keep the customs of your forefathers and keep two days of Yom Tov.” Why not state simply that we should keep two days lest there develop some doubt as to the correct day?


However, there is a general rule that once a rabbinical enactment has been made by the Sanhedrin and accepted by the entire Jewish people, the enactment can be absolved only by a court that is similar or greater in number and stature to the one that made the enactment. While one would be hard-pressed to find a court that could compare to even a regular Sanhedrin, it would be impossible to find a court with the same stature as the prophets, who were divinely inspired. Thus the Talmud warns that we should “be careful to keep the customs of your forefathers,” as the custom of keeping two days of Yom Tov in the Diaspora isn’t just about satisfying a doubt, but about adhering to an enactment instituted by the prophets.


Rabbi Hai Gaon concludes that like many of the enactments of the prophets, we often do not know the real reason or “secret” behind their enactment.³


 The Holiness of the Land of Israel

According to the teachings of the inner wisdom of Torah, there is a deeper reason—perhaps even the “secret” of the prophets to which Rabbi Hai Gaon alludes—for keeping two days of Yom Tov in the Diaspora.


The Tzemach Tzedek, the third Lubavitcher rebbe, expounding on what Kabbalists such as Rabbi Moshe Cordovero and others write, explains that since holiness is more revealed in the Land of Israel, the festivals can be revealed and received there in one day, as the Torah commands. However, those in the Diaspora are farther away from the revelation of holiness, and therefore, in order to absorb the spiritual emanations of the festivals, two days are required, as the rabbis ordained.


The Tzemach Tzedek explains this phenomenon using the metaphor of a bright torch: When held close to an object, the light is strong and concentrated on a small area; but when the torch illuminates an object from a distance, its light is weakened and dispersed over a large area. Thus, the light of the festivals is revealed in the Land of Israel in one concentrated and focused day, while in the Diaspora the light of the festivals is weaker and spread out over two days.⁴


Perhaps it is for this reason⁵ that the Lubavitcher Rebbe,⁶ as well as others,⁷ contends that even in the days of Moshiach, when the Holy Temple is rebuilt and the Sanhedrin is reestablished, those outside of Israel proper will continue to celebrate Yom Tov for two days. After all, although the whole world will be elevated, the Land of Israel will be elevated with an even greater degree of revelation. May this be speedily in our days!


Please note: Regarding the law for travelers to or from Israel, although some authorities say that you should keep Yom Tov for one day if you are in Israel and two days if you are elsewhere, most authorities rule that wherever you are, you keep Yom Tov for the number of days it is kept in the country of your permanent residence. One should consult with one’s own rabbi before traveling.


Footnotes

1. 

Exodus 12:1.


2. 

Talmud, Beitzah 4b.


3. 

Otzar HaGeonim, Masechet Yom Tov (Beitzah) 4b.


4. 

Derech Mitzvotecha 198a.


5. 

See Yemot Hamoshiach Bahalachah 1:46.


6. 

Torat Menachem 5749, vol. 1, p. 227 (talk during the day of Simchat Torah).


7. 

See for example Derashot Chatam Sofer, vol. 2, p. 272b.

Monday, March 2, 2026

What Is a Tetrad?

 Every so often, there are four total lunar eclipses in a row. At timeanddate.com, we also use the term “super tetrad” for a rare sequence of four consecutive total lunar eclipses plus four total or annular solar eclipses.


A Blood Moon hangs over the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, UK.


A Blood Moon hangs over the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, UK.

In 2021-2022, there was almost—but not quite—a tetrad

In 2021-2022, there was almost—but not quite—a tetrad.



Every six months or so, there is an eclipse season. Generally speaking, each season contains a pair of eclipses: a lunar eclipse at Full Moon, and a solar eclipse at New Moon.


The lunar eclipse can be total, partial, or penumbral; the solar eclipse can be total, annular, hybrid, or partial. The nature of each eclipse depends on the alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, as well as the distances between them.


Tetrads: 4 Total Lunar Eclipses

A tetrad is a phenomenon where four consecutive eclipse seasons each contain a total lunar eclipse. In other words, it is four “Blood Moons” in a row, about six months apart. The term comes from the Greek word tetras, which means a group of four.


Tetrads are not particularly rare, although they come in interesting cycles of around 600 years. For about 300 years, there are no tetrads at all. This is followed by a period of roughly 300 years where a tetrad occurs every 15 years or so.


At the moment, we are about halfway through the second half of this cycle. The last tetrad took place in 2014-2015; the next will happen in 2032-2033.


There was almost a tetrad in 2021-2022, with total lunar eclipses on May 26, 2021, May 16, 2022, and November 8, 2022, and a big partial lunar eclipse on November 19, 2021. The magnitude of the partial eclipse was 0.97—although this was a fraction short of being total, it looked very similar to a total eclipse, and the Moon acquired a noticeably reddish tint.


“Super Tetrads”: 4 Total Lunar + 4 Total/Annular Solar Eclipses

At timeanddate.com, we have given the name “super tetrad” to another phenomenon: four consecutive eclipse seasons that each contain a total lunar eclipse plus a total or annular solar eclipse.


In other words, it is a series of eight full eclipses in a row—no partials or penumbrals—over a period of about 18 months.


A “super tetrad” is extremely rare. So far, in our data, we have only found two: 2043-2044, and 3707-3708. The dates for the 2043-2044 occurrence are as follows.


March 25, 2043: Total lunar eclipse (details here)

April 9, 2043: Total solar eclipse (details here)

September 19, 2043: Total lunar eclipse

October 3, 2043: Annular solar eclipse

February 28, 2044: Annular solar eclipse

March 13, 2044: Total lunar eclipse

August 23, 2044: Total solar eclipse

September 7, 2044: Total lunar eclipse


Three Small Solar Eclipses, and a Big One

The first three solar eclipses in the 2043-2044 “super tetrad” are small: the Moon's dark umbral or antumbral shadow only just grazes Earth. (In technical language, the 2043 solar eclipses are called non-central eclipses, because the center of the Moon's shadow misses Earth. The February 2044 solar eclipse is a central eclipse with no southern limit: although the center of the Moon's shadow strikes Earth, part of the antumbra misses Earth.)


The final solar eclipse in the sequence is a much bigger event: totality will be visible along a path that begins in Greenland, crosses northern and western Canada, and ends around sunset in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota.


Although the date of the eclipse based on UTC time is August 23, 2044, totality will take place on the evening of August 22, local time. There are two large cities on the path of totality: Edmonton and Calgary in Alberta, Canada.


Lunar Tetrads, 1900–2299

1909–1910 :

•Map of 3 Jun 1909 eclipse viewability

3 Jun 1909


•Map of 27 Nov 1909 eclipse viewability

27 Nov 1909


•Map of 24 May 1910 eclipse viewability

24 May 1910


•Map of 16 Nov 1910 eclipse viewability

16 Nov 1910


1927–1928:

•Map of 15 Jun 1927 eclipse viewability

15 Jun 1927


•Map of 8 Dec 1927 eclipse viewability

8 Dec 1927


•Map of 3 Jun 1928 eclipse viewability

3 Jun 1928


•Map of 27 Nov 1928 eclipse viewability

27 Nov 1928


1949–1950:

•Map of 13 Apr 1949 eclipse viewability

13 Apr 1949


•Map of 6 Oct 1949 eclipse viewability

6 Oct 1949


•Map of 2 Apr 1950 eclipse viewability

2 Apr 1950


•Map of 26 Sep 1950 eclipse viewability

26 Sep 1950


1967–1968:

•Map of 24 Apr 1967 eclipse viewability

24 Apr 1967


•Map of 18 Oct 1967 eclipse viewability

18 Oct 1967


•Map of 13 Apr 1968 eclipse viewability

13 Apr 1968


•Map of 6 Oct 1968 eclipse viewability

6 Oct 1968


1985–1986:

•Map of 4 May 1985 eclipse viewability

4 May 1985


•Map of 28 Oct 1985 eclipse viewability

28 Oct 1985


•Map of 24 Apr 1986 eclipse viewability

24 Apr 1986


•Map of 17 Oct 1986 eclipse viewability

17 Oct 1986


2003–2004:

•Map of 16 May 2003 eclipse viewability

16 May 2003


•Map of 8 Nov 2003 eclipse viewability

8 Nov 2003


•Map of 4 May 2004 eclipse viewability

4 May 2004


•Map of 28 Oct 2004 eclipse viewability

28 Oct 2004


2014–2015

•Map of 15 Apr 2014 eclipse viewability

15 Apr 2014


•Map of 8 Oct 2014 eclipse viewability

8 Oct 2014


•Map of 4 Apr 2015 eclipse viewability

4 Apr 2015


•Map of 28 Sep 2015 eclipse viewability

28 Sep 2015


2032–2033:

•Map of 25 Apr 2032 eclipse viewability

25 Apr 2032


•Map of 18 Oct 2032 eclipse viewability

18 Oct 2032


•Map of 14 Apr 2033 eclipse viewability

14 Apr 2033


•Map of 8 Oct 2033 eclipse viewability

8 Oct 2033


2043–2044:

•Map of 25 Mar 2043 eclipse viewability

25 Mar 2043


•Map of 18 Sep 2043 eclipse viewability

18 Sep 2043


•Map of 13 Mar 2044 eclipse viewability

13 Mar 2044


•Map of 7 Sep 2044 eclipse viewability

7 Sep 2044


2050–2051:

•Map of 6 May 2050 eclipse viewability

6 May 2050


•Map of 30 Oct 2050 eclipse viewability

30 Oct 2050


•Map of 25 Apr 2051 eclipse viewability

25 Apr 2051


•Map of 19 Oct 2051 eclipse viewability

19 Oct 2051


2061–2062:

•Map of 4 Apr 2061 eclipse viewability

4 Apr 2061


•Map of 29 Sep 2061 eclipse viewability

29 Sep 2061


•Map of 25 Mar 2062 eclipse viewability

25 Mar 2062


•Map of 18 Sep 2062 eclipse viewability

18 Sep 2062


2072–2073:

•Map of 4 Mar 2072 eclipse viewability

4 Mar 2072


•Map of 28 Aug 2072 eclipse viewability

28 Aug 2072


•Map of 22 Feb 2073 eclipse viewability

22 Feb 2073


•Map of 17 Aug 2073 eclipse viewability

17 Aug 2073


2090–2091:

•Map of 15 Mar 2090 eclipse viewability

15 Mar 2090


•Map of 8 Sep 2090 eclipse viewability

8 Sep 2090


•Map of 5 Mar 2091 eclipse viewability

5 Mar 2091


•Map of 28 Aug 2091 eclipse viewability

28 Aug 2091


2101–2102:

•Map of 13 Feb 2101 eclipse viewability

13 Feb 2101


•Map of 9 Aug 2101 eclipse viewability

9 Aug 2101


•Map of 3 Feb 2102 eclipse viewability

3 Feb 2102


•Map of 29 Jul 2102 eclipse viewability

29 Jul 2102


2119–2120:

•Map of 25 Feb 2119 eclipse viewability

25 Feb 2119


•Map of 20 Aug 2119 eclipse viewability

20 Aug 2119


•Map of 14 Feb 2120 eclipse viewability

14 Feb 2120


•Map of 9 Aug 2120 eclipse viewability

9 Aug 2120


2137–2138:

•Map of 7 Mar 2137 eclipse viewability

7 Mar 2137


•Map of 30 Aug 2137 eclipse viewability

30 Aug 2137


•Map of 24 Feb 2138 eclipse viewability

24 Feb 2138


•Map of 20 Aug 2138 eclipse viewability

20 Aug 2138


2155–2156:

•Map of 19 Mar 2155 eclipse viewability

19 Mar 2155


•Map of 11 Sep 2155 eclipse viewability

11 Sep 2155


•Map of 7 Mar 2156 eclipse viewability

7 Mar 2156


•Map of 30 Aug 2156 eclipse viewability

30 Aug 2156


Lunar Tetrads, 1900–2299